Interestingly, both villages are similar in construction. 4500-3750 BCE) consisted of stone-walled circular houses supported by timber with thatched roofing while the village of Skara Brae (in Orkney, Scotland) was built in 3100 BCE with walls and houses of stone to protect people from the elements and provide privacy.
The Neolithic village of Banpo in China (inhabited c. Like the Great Wall of Gorgon, the Great Wall of China was built as a free-standing structure for defense of a region as was the Anastasian Wall (also known as The Long Walls of Thrace) of the Byzantine Empire (begun c. The Great Wall of Gorgon is over 1,000 years older, though far less famous, than the Great Wall of China which, though begun under the reign of Shi Huangti (ruled 221-210 BCE) was not completed in its present state until the time of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE). It was far more effective than Shulgi's wall and it is thought that the Sasanian Persians learned the lesson of Shulgi's wall and improved upon their own. The wall was built as both a defensive construct and a strategic means of observing enemy deployment. Built by the Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) it was restored and renovated by the Sasanian Persians in the 5th or 6th century CE, the wall runs 121 miles (195 Kilometres) long and included over thirty forts along its line. Another wall of this kind, still extant, is the Great Wall of Gorgan (known as `The Red Snake' due to the red color of the bricks) in modern-day Iran. 1750 BCE resulting in the fall of Ur and the region of Sumer. Shulgi's son, Shu-Sin, grandson, and great-grandson all tried to maintain this wall but, as it was not anchored at either end to any terminus, proved to be ineffective (one could simply march an army around either end of the wall) and finally was breached by the Elamites c. From the time of the Roman Empire onwards, stone was the material of choice in wall-building up through the modern era. Work in stone was also practiced by the Greeks and famously by the Romans, best exemplified in Hadrian's Wall in modern-day Scotland, which was constructed starting in 122 CE. Walls around sacred or ceremonial sites in Egypt were eventually made of stone. Walls in ancient Mesopotamia were sun-dried mud-brick, as they were in rural areas of ancient Egypt. Walls of different cultures all served this same primary purpose but were constructed in various ways using diverse materials depending on the culture and the time period.
Walls have traditionally been built for defense, privacy, and to protect the people of a certain region from the influence or perceived danger posed by outsiders. The palisades were in use early on and are mentioned by Homer in the 8th century BCE and later by the Greek historian Polybius (c 200-118 BCE) and the Chinese historian Sima Qian (145-86 BCE) among others. The English word ' wall' is derived from the Latin, vallus meaning 'a stake' or 'post' and designated the wood-stake and earth palisade which formed the outer edge of a fortification.
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